How to Get Started With OCD Treatment -

Table of Contents

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a common chronic mental disorder, which is characterized by intrusive, obsessive thoughts, as well as compulsive acts in response to such imagined thoughts. While many people with OCD respond to medications and behavior therapy, a few persons may be resistant to these and require more intensive treatment options.

What is OCD?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common chronic psychological disorder characterized by the presence of distressing, intrusive obsessive thoughts and repetitive compulsive mental or physical acts. OCD varies widely in severity and while many individuals experience mild to moderate symptoms, some experience very severe presentations, which may be distressing.

Signs and Symptoms

OCD is characterized by serious obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts. Common of these obsessions include:

Safety
Fear of contamination and dirt
Doubting one’s perception or memory
Aiming for perfection, fear of doing the wrong thing or making mistakes.
Need for order
Unwanted, intrusive thoughts of sexual or violent themes.

Common compulsive actions which individuals with OCD experience as a response to the obsessions include:

Frequent cleaning or hand washing
Frequently checking of locks, stoves, irons, and safety of loved ones even when it has been confirmed that these are intact.
Arranging objects continuously.
Hoarding “valuable” items unnecessarily for fear of losing them.
Constant praying, in response to an obsessive thought or concern, which is just in the individual’s imagination.
Continuous seeking of forgiveness even after it has been given.
Making lists
Repeating an action several times until it feels comfortable for them to do.

The hallmark feature of OCD is that the individual experiences persistent and recurrent thoughts and urges which are unwanted and intrusive, causing significant distress and anxiety. Also, the individual attempts to ignore or suppress these thoughts and impulses or to replace them with other thoughts, and this further increases the distress.

Characteristically, these intrusive obsessions and the behavioral response of the individual significantly disturbs their daily routine and impairs their normal functioning at school, social settings, and in the workplace.

Many patients with OCD may also have other concomitant psychological disorders including mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, hypochondriasis, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, suicidal tendencies and behaviors, impulse control disorders, particularly trichotillomania and kleptomania. Skin features are also common in individuals with OCD and these include; hair loss from compulsive hair pulling, eczematous eruptions which may arise from excessive washing and cleaning of skin, and excoriations resulting from compulsive skin pricking.

First Line Treatments

OCD can be treated in an outpatient setting and the mainstay of treatment are the use of antidepressants that promote serotonin activity in the brain, as well as certain forms of cognitive behavioral therapy, including exposure and response prevention. These are the mainstay of treatment of OCD. In severe and refractory cases, neurosurgery is considered

Some individuals may recover fully with only behavioral therapy and may never need medication. Other patients require both forms of therapy to achieve complete remission, with a subset of these patients requiring only behavioral therapy alone or medications alone to prevent a relapse.

Medications

The first-line drugs for treating OCD are a class of antidepressants called serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, and Paroxetine. Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant with an ability to inhibit serotonin reuptake is also used to treat OCD. Doctors usually prescribe these drugs for 6 to 10 weeks for an individual to achieve a clinical result. Clinical response typically occurs slowly in the treatment of OCD with these medications, and treatment may be extended beyond this period in some individuals.

In situations where the individual does not show any clinical improvement after completing a treatment course, certain treatment-resistance strategies may be initiated. These strategies include increasing the dose of the medication and adding another antidepressant, such as Desipramine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, or an antipsychotic medication.

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)

Exposure and Response Prevention is the major behavior therapy for OCD. Behavior therapy is an integral part of treatment for OCD and may or may not be combined with drug treatment. Exposure and response prevention involves exposing the patient systemically to the triggers of the obsessions and the compulsive thoughts at increasing intensity. The individual is subsequently asked to try to suppress their habitual response.

For example, for an individual with compulsive urges to wash their hands for fear that they have contracted germs or other contaminants from the objects or people they touched, exposure and response prevention will involve having them touch a public item such as a doorknob, and asking them to avoid washing their hands (their compulsive response) for some time, then for a longer time, till they get used to not washing their hands after exposure to such potent triggers. The process helps the individual unlearn the compulsive behaviors as he or she learns not to respond to the potent trigger. It may be difficult initially, but compliance and persistence assures the individual a better quality of life.

Certain elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), such as identifying and challenging the intrusive thoughts, are also used in behavior therapy for OCD. Other forms of psychotherapy used for OCD include practicing meditation and relaxation techniques.

Intensive Treatments

Intensive treatments are interventions initiated for individuals who have undergone outpatient ERP but have not shown significant clinical improvement. These intensive treatment programs include; traditional outpatient, intensive outpatient, day program, partial hospitalization, residential treatment, and inpatient treatment, in order of increasing intensity.

Intensive Outpatient

Intensive Outpatient programs involve individuals attending clinics where they participate in group and one individual session every day, several days in a week. Treatment groups are usually small and do not exceed 10 people who meet in a non-critical and safe environment. During the sessions, members are taught several topics including relapse prevention skills and stages of behavior change.

Partial Hospitalization

Patients entered into the partial hospitalization program attend treatment sessions – group and individual therapy – during the day at a mental health hospital. Sessions typically hold from 9 AM – 5AM at least five days in a week. They may also offer half-day, evening, or weekend hours. Partial hospitalization programs offer comprehensive, intensive, and structured mental health services organized at varying levels of intensity and they function as alternative care to inpatient treatment.

Inpatient Treatment

Inpatient treatment is the highest level of care for mental health issues. Treatment services are typically provided in an enclosed unit in a mental health hospital with the patient remaining in overnight or for a longer duration. Care may be voluntary or involuntary and patients are usually admitted if they pose a threat to themselves or others around them, or if they can no longer care for themselves.

Inpatient treatment is targeted at stabilizing the patient, then transitioning them to a lower care level. Care services are usually provided for several days to weeks – usually less than 30 days – before the patient is discharged to a lower level of care.

Additional Treatments

In the few extremely recalcitrant forms of OCD, in which medications and behavior therapy have yielded poor clinical improvement, certain neurosurgical procedures, including gamma knife treatment, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be recommended.

Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation involves placing electrodes in targeted brain regions to stimulate them. The electrodes are connected by wires to pulse generators under the skin, usually placed below the collarbone. The pulse generator contains a battery that generates the electricity and a microchip that regulates the stimulation to help the treating physician determine how much electrical stimulation is delivered to the connected brain area. However, DBS is associated with certain complications including bleeding into the brain and infection transmitted through the devices exposed to the brain tissue.

In February 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of Reclaim Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy for the treatment of individuals with chronic, severe OCD.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation was initially developed to treat major depressive disorder, it has gained wide use in the treatment of OCD and several other mental illnesses. There are two types of transcranial magnetic stimulation – repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS0 and deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation involves placing a small device directly on the patient’s skull to send electric stimulation to a brain region.

The device contains a wire coil which conducts electricity in pulses – hence the name repetitive – to stimulate brain cells. Transcranial magnetic stimulation functions on the principle that the activity levels of brain cells produce the symptoms of mental health disorders, including OCD. Reports have found that repetitive TMS may be useful in reducing other psychological illnesses which present with OCD, thereby increasing the patient’s quality of life.

The deep transcranial magnetic stimulation functions similarly to the repetitive TMS, except that the coil of wire used in the former allows for deeper penetration of electric stimulation into the brain. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to lead to significant clinical improvement in patients with OCD.

Generally, transcranial magnetic stimulation is safe to use, however, patients may note several complications such as headaches, drowsiness, and in severe cases, seizures after undergoing TMS.

Gamma Knife Surgery

Gamma Knife surgery is a type of ablative brain surgery in which a small portion of the brain involved in the disease process for a neurological or psychological illness is removed using powerful radiation. Gamma knife is a device that emits strong gamma radiation beams into specific brain regions containing brain cells involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder. These beams of radiation subsequently, sparing the healthy brain tissue.

Although gamma knife surgery is safe, it may be complicated by mild effects such as headaches and drowsiness. In severe cases, patients could develop hallucinations as a complication of gamma knife surgery.

Final Thoughts on OCD treatment

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic psychological illness characterized by recurrent obsessive, intrusive thoughts, with compulsive mental or physical acts in response to such thoughts. Treatment of OCD mainly involves the use of medications (antidepressants) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), a type of cognitive behavior therapy. However, in severe and recalcitrant cases, more intense strategies may be initiated, and as a last resort, neurosurgical procedures including gamma knife surgery and deep brain stimulation are recommended.